Heating

Factors that affect comfort, in addition to dressing style, are the air temperature, the mean wall temperature, and the motion, humidity and air purity. Heating can only affect the air temperature and the mean wall temperature. Single room heating devices are stoves and heaters (heaters are regularly portable and stoves are non-portable or built-in), for example, an infrared heater or infra heater, heat exchanger and the like, and more rooms or more buildings are heated by a central heating system.
The oldest form of wood heating is an open firebox, placed on a suitable base in the middle of the room with an opening in the ceiling. Here, heat is transmitted mainly by thermal radiation from flames and embers. The downside of this fire is the smoke of the whole room. This way of heating the rooms is improved by switching to heating using charcoal placed in special metal bowls. Charcoal, which has been glowing outside the room, is deposited in a thin layer on bowls (trays), where it burns slowly at a slight air supply with a low combustion temperature. Already the ancient Greeks used charcoal heating, which spread in forested areas in most southern nations as far as Asia. These heating bowls have different names, for example in the Spanish brazero, scaldino in Italy, and in Central Asia, mangal. Over time, this type of heating has been increasingly refined by the construction of special masonry stoves with stone or ceramic tiles, which are still in use today (tile stove). Already in the 17th century, they were used to heat the room of a coal-fired iron furnace. Ovens are being further developed and refined with more useful shaping, better heat output and temperature control.
Significant advantages are provided by advanced oil-fired (gas) and gas (gas) furnaces, and their use has become widespread in recent times.
The first central heating can be considered a hypocaust, an ancient heating device. Below the rooms, which were to be heated, was a special basement, the so-called hypocaust with pillars (lat. Pilae) 740 mm high of brick or clay pipes. Brick slabs were installed on the pillars, which carried a 150 to 200 mm thick ceiling. The firebox was located next to the building. The fuel was wood or charcoal. Hot flue gases streamed between the pillars of the hypocaust and drained through openings in the walls. When the columns, and partly the ceiling, were sufficiently heated, the fire stopped, smoke vents closed, and openings in the floor or walls of the room. It was then that fresh outside air was brought into the room, which warmed up as it passed the hot pillars of the hypocaust.
Steam heating originated in England (1745). First, a vent of steam with a pressure of about 2 bar was used. The heaters were in the form of tubular frames or ribbed tubes. Later, low-pressure steam from 1.1 to 1.3 bar was specially produced in special cast iron boilers (1870), and heaters were made up of cast iron articles, the so-called radiators.
Hot water heating was invented by the Frenchman Bonnemain as early as 1777, but further development and expansion of this system followed only after 1850. Hot water heating above 100 ° C was invented by Englishman Loftus Perkins. It was a closed pipe system of special design for high pressures up to 200 bar. It was used mainly in industry. Recently, hot water is used for district heating of districts with water temperatures of about 150 to 180 ° C and pressures of about 10 bar.
The first experimental electric furnaces appeared with the first applications of electricity. The resistor heater was first patented by American G. B. Simson in 1861, but only the invention of the dynamo provided enough electricity for electric furnaces. By their construction, electric furnaces at the end of the 19th century were very similar to today’s incandescent furnaces. Initially, iron wire was used to make the heater, and only later did iron replace various more resistant alloys, such as chromium nickel. The operating temperature of the first furnaces was quite low, around 200 ° C. Electric trains are among the first objects that were completely electrically heated.

Until World War II, electric room heating was considered appropriate only as an extra, although in the 1920s, when electrification was expanding, attempts were made to heat storage furnaces and even electrically resistant, arc and inductive central heating water using cheaper nightly electricity tariff. It was only after World War II that electric heating began to be used as the main and only place in some places.
The solar hot water system uses solar energy as a renewable energy source to heat domestic hot water, hot and hot air space heating, space cooling, swimming pool heating, steam heating to generate electricity and more. The solar hot water system with forced circulation of water consists mainly of solar hot water collectors, a solar heat tank, an auxiliary heater, hot water pipes, and a pump and control unit that controls it. There are also constructions of hot water systems, which allow the system to operate without a pump and control unit, called a thermosyphon or solar hot water system with natural water circulation.